Dying Leylandii: Diagnosing the Problem and Reclaiming Your Garden Space

Unveiling the Mystery of the Vanishing Leylandii: A Guide for New Gardeners

Moving into a new home is an exciting adventure, and inheriting a garden is often a significant part of that. However, the state of the garden can sometimes present unexpected challenges. One such situation is discovering that newly planted trees are struggling or, worse, have perished. This article delves into the potential reasons behind Leylandii trees dying, offering practical advice for diagnosing the problem and planning for a thriving garden.

The Case of the Unhappy Leylandii

Leylandii (Cupressus × leylandii) are popular evergreen trees, often chosen for their fast growth and ability to provide a dense screen. However, they can be prone to certain issues, especially when young or if not planted in optimal conditions. In the scenario described, two out of four Leylandii trees are showing signs of distress, with the most immediate signs of death being closer to the house. This suggests that location or environmental factors may be playing a crucial role.

Potential Causes of Leylandii Decline

Several factors could contribute to the demise of these trees:

1. Poor Planting Practices:

   • Rootbound Plants: If the trees were pot-bound at the time of planting, meaning their roots were tightly circling the root ball, they may have struggled to establish themselves in the ground. Roots that haven’t spread can’t effectively absorb nutrients and water.
   • Incorrect Planting Depth: Planting the trees too deep can suffocate the roots, while planting too shallow can leave them vulnerable to drying out. The root flare (where the trunk widens at the base) should be at or slightly above the soil surface.
   • Damaged Roots: During the planting process, if roots were damaged, broken, or excessively disturbed, the tree’s ability to take up water and nutrients is significantly impaired.

2. Environmental Stress:

   • Watering Issues: Both underwatering and overwatering can be detrimental. Leylandii prefer consistently moist but well-drained soil. Inconsistent watering, especially during establishment, can lead to stress and dieback. The closer proximity of the worst-affected tree to the house could suggest that it’s in a rain shadow or that the area is not well-drained.
   • Sunlight: While Leylandii generally thrive in full sun, the specific location may affect their health. An east-facing garden with a south-facing fence provides some sunlight, but other factors like shade from the house could create variations in sunlight exposure and influence tree health.
   • Wind Exposure: Leylandii can be susceptible to windburn, particularly in exposed locations. Strong winds can dry out the foliage, especially during winter.
   • Frost Damage: Young Leylandii trees can be sensitive to late spring frosts, which can damage new growth.

3. Soil Conditions:

   • Poor Drainage: Leylandii do not tolerate waterlogged soil. If the soil is heavy clay, it might not drain adequately, leading to root rot.
   • Nutrient Deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients, particularly nitrogen, can stunt growth and weaken the trees. Soil tests can help determine nutrient levels.
   • Soil Compaction: Compacted soil restricts root growth and aeration, making it difficult for roots to access water and nutrients.
   • Soil pH Imbalance: Leylandii prefer slightly acidic to neutral soil pH. Extreme alkalinity or acidity can affect nutrient availability.

4. Disease and Pests:

   • Canker Diseases: Canker diseases can cause branch dieback and canker formation on the trunk. These diseases are often associated with stress.
   • Root Rot: Root rot, caused by various fungal pathogens, can be fatal. This is often associated with poorly drained soil.
   • Pests: While not as common as some diseases, pests can weaken trees, making them more susceptible to other problems.

5. Proximity to Buildings:

   • Foundation Issues: If the trees were planted too close to the house, they may have experienced root damage during construction or from the foundation. The proximity of the dead tree to the house is a clue.
   • Reflected Heat: The south-facing fence may reflect heat, potentially leading to excessive temperatures and moisture stress, particularly for trees closest to it.

Investigating and Addressing the Problem

1. Assess the Dead Trees:

   • Examine the Foliage: Look for signs of disease, such as unusual spots, discoloration, or lesions. Healthy Leylandii foliage is typically a vibrant green.
   • Check the Branches: Dead branches will be brittle and snap easily. Inspect the bark for any signs of cankers or damage.
   • Investigate the Roots: Carefully dig around the base of the tree to examine the roots. Healthy roots are generally firm, light-colored, and have a fresh smell. Rotting roots will be soft, dark, and have an unpleasant odor.

2. Assess the Living Trees:

   • Monitor Growth: Observe the growth rate of the remaining trees. Are they showing signs of new growth? Are they putting on new shoots?
   • Look for Symptoms: Check the foliage and branches for any signs of stress, such as yellowing, browning, or stunted growth.

3. Soil Analysis:

   • Conduct a Soil Test: A soil test can reveal the soil’s pH, nutrient levels, and organic matter content. This information is invaluable for determining the necessary soil amendments.
   • Check Drainage: Dig a test hole to assess drainage. If water remains in the hole for an extended period, the drainage is poor. Consider adding organic matter to improve drainage.

Soil Quality and Future Planting

1. Soil Quality Concerns:

   • Assess the Soil: The condition of the soil where the Leylandii struggled will indeed provide insight into the quality of the soil. The fact that the trees closest to the house are the most affected suggests potential issues that might also affect the soil.
   • Soil Testing: As mentioned, soil testing is a wise investment. It helps determine the pH level, nutrient deficiencies, and the presence of any soil-borne diseases.
   • Soil Amendments: Depending on the results of the soil test, amendments can improve soil structure, drainage, and fertility. Organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, is generally beneficial.

2. Planning Future Plantings:

   • Select Appropriate Plants: If the Leylandii have failed, choose plants that are well-suited to the site’s conditions. Consider the amount of sunlight, soil type, and drainage.
   • Improve Soil Conditions: Before replanting, amend the soil to create a healthy environment for the new plants. Proper soil preparation is critical for long-term success.

Removing the Leylandii: A Practical Guide

Removing dead or dying Leylandii trees can be a labor-intensive process, but it’s an important step in reclaiming the garden space. Here’s how to approach it:

1. Safety First:

   • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Always wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses, gloves, and sturdy footwear.
   • Assess the Area: Clear the area around the trees of any obstacles. Make sure there is adequate space to work.
   • Check for Utilities: Before you start digging, call your local utility company to mark any underground lines (water, gas, electricity). This is an important safety measure to prevent damage.

2. Tools and Equipment:

   • Chainsaw: A chainsaw will be necessary to cut down the trees. Ensure the chainsaw is properly maintained and that you are trained in its safe use.
   • Loppers and Pruning Saw: These tools can be used to remove branches and smaller parts of the tree.
   • Shovel and Pickaxe: These tools will be needed to dig around the root ball and remove the stump.
   • Stump Grinder (Optional): If you want to remove the stump completely, a stump grinder is the most effective tool. This can be rented from equipment rental companies.

3. The Removal Process:

   • Felling the Tree: If the trees are relatively small and you are comfortable using a chainsaw, you can cut them down yourself. Make sure to fell the tree in a safe direction, away from any structures or power lines. Make the proper cuts to control the direction of the fall.
   • Removing Branches: Once the tree is down, remove the branches using loppers or a pruning saw. Cut the branches close to the trunk to make it easier to remove the trunk.
   • Removing the Trunk: Cut the trunk into manageable sections. This will make it easier to handle and remove the wood.
   • Removing the Stump:
     • Dig Around the Stump: Use a shovel and pickaxe to dig around the stump, exposing the roots.
     • Cut the Roots: Use the chainsaw to cut the roots as far away from the stump as possible. This will make it easier to remove the stump.
     • Leverage or Pull: Use a shovel or pry bar to lever the stump from the ground. You can use a come-along or winch for larger stumps.
     • Stump Grinding (Optional): If you choose to grind the stump, follow the manufacturer’s instructions. After grinding, cover the area with soil and compost.
   • Disposal: Dispose of the wood and stump properly. You can often take the wood to a local recycling center or use it for firewood (if it’s suitable).

Planning Your Next Steps

1. Assess the Remaining Trees: Focus on the two Leylandii that are still alive (though struggling). Can they be saved? The answer depends on their condition.

   • Pruning: Prune any dead or diseased branches to improve the tree’s appearance and health. Improve air circulation.
   • Fertilizing: A balanced fertilizer might help boost growth, but only if the soil conditions are otherwise suitable. Follow the product label carefully.
   • Monitoring: Keep an eye on the trees for any signs of improvement or further decline.

2. Consider Alternatives: If the Leylandii are beyond saving or if you prefer a different type of planting, consider alternatives. The east-facing garden with a south-facing fence provides some options.

   • Privacy Hedges: If privacy is a priority, consider a different type of hedge that is better suited to your garden’s conditions. Consider native plants.
   • Mixed Planting: A mixed planting scheme can add interest and diversity to the garden. Consider a combination of evergreen shrubs, flowering shrubs, and perennials.
   • Local Advice: Consult with a local nursery or garden center. They can provide valuable advice on plant selection and care.

Conclusion: From Leylandii Loss to a Thriving Garden

Discovering dead or struggling trees in a newly acquired garden can be discouraging, but it also presents an opportunity to learn and create something new. By investigating the reasons behind the Leylandii’s decline, assessing soil conditions, and planning carefully for the future, you can transform this space into a thriving and enjoyable garden. With a little investigation, patience, and the right approach, you can replace the struggling Leylandii with a vibrant display that brings beauty and enjoyment to your new home.